Verb forms による
by means of · による · niyoru
13 form groups
Present / future
What happens now, usually, or later.
による
niyoru
によります
niyorimasu
によらない
niyoranai
によりません
niyorimasen
Past
What already happened.
によった
niyotta
によりました
niyorimashita
によらなかった
niyoranakatta
によりませんでした
niyorimasendeshita
Te-form
Connect an action to what comes next.
によって
niyotte
によりまして
niyorimashite
によらなくて
niyoranakute
Alternative variant
によらないで
niyoranaide
によりませんで
niyorimasende
Connecting forms change meaning with the sentence. The polite forms here are formal. Negative なくて connects a reason or state; ないで often means “without doing”.
If · ば
A condition with ば.
によれば
niyoreba
によりますなら
niyorimasunara
Alternative variant
によりますならば
niyorimasunaraba
によらなければ
niyoranakereba
によりませんなら
niyorimasennara
Alternative variant
によりませんならば
niyorimasennaraba
The polite alternatives here use なら / ならば to express the condition.
Potential
What someone is able to do.
によれる
niyoreru
によれます
niyoremasu
によれない
niyorenai
によれません
niyoremasen
Passive
What happens to the subject.
によられる
niyorareru
によられます
niyoraremasu
によられない
niyorarenai
によられません
niyoraremasen
These are non-past passive forms. With intransitive verbs, the passive can describe being affected by someone’s action.
Causative
Making or allowing someone to act.
によらせる
niyoraseru
Alternative variant
によらす
niyorasu
によらせます
niyorasemasu
Alternative variant
によらします
niyorashimasu
によらせない
niyorasenai
Alternative variant
によらさない
niyorasanai
によらせません
niyorasemasen
Alternative variant
によらしません
niyorashimasen
Causative-passive
Being made to do something.
によらせられる
niyoraserareru
Alternative variant
によらされる
niyorasareru
によらせられます
niyoraseraremasu
Alternative variant
によらされます
niyorasaremasu
によらせられない
niyoraserarenai
Alternative variant
によらされない
niyorasarenai
によらせられません
niyoraseraremasen
Alternative variant
によらされません
niyorasaremasen
Volitional
An invitation or intention.
によろう
niyorou
によりましょう
niyorimashou
によるまい
niyorumai
によりませんまい
niyorimasenmai
Negative まい can also express “probably will not”, depending on context. It is formal or literary.
Imperative
A command or instruction.
によれ
niyore
によりなさい
niyorinasai
によるな
niyoruna
によりなさるな
niyorinasaruna
The forms in the polite column are still commands. Negative なさるな is uncommon.
If / when · たら
A condition with たら.
によったら
niyottara
によりましたら
niyorimashitara
によらなかったら
niyoranakattara
によりませんでしたら
niyorimasendeshitara
Listing actions · たり
One action among others.
によったり
niyottari
によりましたり
niyorimashitari
によらなかったり
niyoranakattari
によりませんでしたり
niyorimasendeshitari
たり lists representative actions. In everyday polite speech, politeness usually comes at the end of the sentence.
Verb stem
A base for building other expressions.
により
niyori
No form
A stem is used to build other expressions; it is not a complete verb on its own.
English meanings are reading guides. The subject and context can change the translation.