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Grammar Points

Japanese grammar patterns — particles, verb forms, conditionals, honorifics. Each entry pairs the form's structure with the question a learner actually asks about it: what it means, when it differs from a similar form, and the common words used with it.

30 grammar points

Particles (10)

direct object marker

location of an action

with (accompaniment)

direction / destination

から Particles

from (origin in time or space)

まで Particles

until / up to (endpoint in time or space)

Verb forms (6)

〜て Verb forms

connective form (and then, and)

〜た Verb forms

plain past affirmative

〜ない Verb forms

plain negative (don't / doesn't / not)

〜ます Verb forms

polite non-past affirmative

〜ている Verb forms

ongoing action (progressive)

〜ましょう Verb forms

Adjective forms (3)

〜かった Adjective forms

i-adjective plain past affirmative

〜くない Adjective forms

i-adjective plain negative

〜だ (na-adjective copula) Adjective forms

na-adjective predicate copula

Auxiliaries (2)

です Auxiliaries

polite copula (is / are / am)

だ Auxiliaries

plain copula (is / are / am)

Sentence patterns (3)

〜てください Sentence patterns

〜ことができる Sentence patterns

〜になる Sentence patterns

Conditionals (4)

〜と Conditionals

whenever / when (natural / inevitable consequence)

〜ば Conditionals

if (hypothetical conditional)

〜たら Conditionals

when / if (event-triggered consequent)

〜なら Conditionals

if (topic-presupposing conditional)

Honorifics (1)

お〜ください Honorifics

please do X (humble / formal request)

Modals (1)

〜たい Modals

want to do X (speaker's desire)