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Verb forms ある

to be · ある · aru

13 form groups

Present / future

What happens now, usually, or later.

Affirmative Be / will be
Plain

ある

aru

Polite

あります

arimasu

Negative Are not / will not be
Plain

ない

nai

Polite

ありません

arimasen

Past

What already happened.

Affirmative Was / were
Plain

あった

atta

Polite

ありました

arimashita

Negative Was not / were not
Plain

なかった

nakatta

Polite

ありませんでした

arimasendeshita

Te-form

Connect an action to what comes next.

Affirmative Be, and…
Plain

あって

atte

Polite

ありまして

arimashite

Negative Not be / without being
Plain

なくて

nakute

Alternative variant

ないで

naide

Polite

ありませんで

arimasende

Connecting forms change meaning with the sentence. The polite forms here are formal. Negative なくて connects a reason or state; ないで often means “without doing”.

If · ば

A condition with ば.

Affirmative If you are
Plain

あれば

areba

Polite

ありますなら

arimasunara

Alternative variant

ありますならば

arimasunaraba

Negative If you are not
Plain

なければ

nakereba

Polite

ありませんなら

arimasennara

Alternative variant

ありませんならば

arimasennaraba

The polite alternatives here use なら / ならば to express the condition.

Potential

What someone is able to do.

Affirmative Can be
Plain

あれる

areru

Polite

あれます

aremasu

Negative Cannot be
Plain

あれない

arenai

Polite

あれません

aremasen

Passive

What happens to the subject.

Affirmative Be affected by someone being
Plain

あられる

arareru

Polite

あられます

araremasu

Negative Not be affected by someone being
Plain

あられない

ararenai

Polite

あられません

araremasen

These are non-past passive forms. With intransitive verbs, the passive can describe being affected by someone’s action.

Causative

Making or allowing someone to act.

Affirmative Make / let someone be
Plain

あらせる

araseru

Alternative variant

あらす

arasu

Polite

あらせます

arasemasu

Alternative variant

あらします

arashimasu

Negative Not make / not let someone be
Plain

あらせない

arasenai

Alternative variant

あらさない

arasanai

Polite

あらせません

arasemasen

Alternative variant

あらしません

arashimasen

Causative-passive

Being made to do something.

Affirmative Be made to be
Plain

あらせられる

araserareru

Alternative variant

あらされる

arasareru

Polite

あらせられます

araseraremasu

Alternative variant

あらされます

arasaremasu

Negative Not be made to be
Plain

あらせられない

araserarenai

Alternative variant

あらされない

arasarenai

Polite

あらせられません

araseraremasen

Alternative variant

あらされません

arasaremasen

Volitional

An invitation or intention.

Affirmative Let’s be / intend to be
Plain

あろう

arou

Polite

ありましょう

arimashou

Negative Intend not to be
Plain

あるまい

arumai

Polite

ありませんまい

arimasenmai

Negative まい can also express “probably will not”, depending on context. It is formal or literary.

Imperative

A command or instruction.

Affirmative Be!
Plain

あれ

are

Polite

ありなさい

arinasai

Negative Do not be!
Plain

あるな

aruna

Polite

ありなさるな

arinasaruna

The forms in the polite column are still commands. Negative なさるな is uncommon.

If / when · たら

A condition with たら.

Affirmative If / when you are
Plain

あったら

attara

Polite

ありましたら

arimashitara

Negative If / when you are not
Plain

なかったら

nakattara

Polite

ありませんでしたら

arimasendeshitara

Listing actions · たり

One action among others.

Affirmative Being, among other things
Plain

あったり

attari

Polite

ありましたり

arimashitari

Negative Not being, among other things
Plain

なかったり

nakattari

Polite

ありませんでしたり

arimasendeshitari

たり lists representative actions. In everyday polite speech, politeness usually comes at the end of the sentence.

Verb stem

A base for building other expressions.

Verb stem Be… · stem for other forms
Plain

あり

ari

Polite

No form

A stem is used to build other expressions; it is not a complete verb on its own.

English meanings are reading guides. The subject and context can change the translation.

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