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Verb forms できる

to be able to do · できる · dekiru

13 form groups

Present / future

What happens now, usually, or later.

Affirmative Be able to do / will be able to do
Plain

できる

dekiru

Polite

できます

dekimasu

Negative Are not able to do / will not be able to do
Plain

できない

dekinai

Polite

できません

dekimasen

Past

What already happened.

Affirmative Was / were able to do
Plain

できた

dekita

Polite

できました

dekimashita

Negative Was not / were not able to do
Plain

できなかった

dekinakatta

Polite

できませんでした

dekimasendeshita

Te-form

Connect an action to what comes next.

Affirmative Be able to do, and…
Plain

できて

dekite

Polite

できまして

dekimashite

Negative Not be able to do / without being able to do
Plain

できなくて

dekinakute

Alternative variant

できないで

dekinaide

Polite

できませんで

dekimasende

Connecting forms change meaning with the sentence. The polite forms here are formal. Negative なくて connects a reason or state; ないで often means “without doing”.

If · ば

A condition with ば.

Affirmative If you are able to do
Plain

できれば

dekireba

Polite

できますなら

dekimasunara

Alternative variant

できますならば

dekimasunaraba

Negative If you are not able to do
Plain

できなければ

dekinakereba

Polite

できませんなら

dekimasennara

Alternative variant

できませんならば

dekimasennaraba

The polite alternatives here use なら / ならば to express the condition.

Potential

What someone is able to do.

Affirmative Can be able to do
Plain

できられる

dekirareru

Alternative variant

できれる

dekireru

Polite

できられます

dekiraremasu

Alternative variant

できれます

dekiremasu

Negative Cannot be able to do
Plain

できられない

dekirarenai

Alternative variant

できれない

dekirenai

Polite

できられません

dekiraremasen

Alternative variant

できれません

dekiremasen

Passive

What happens to the subject.

Affirmative Be affected by someone being able to do
Plain

できられる

dekirareru

Polite

できられます

dekiraremasu

Negative Not be affected by someone being able to do
Plain

できられない

dekirarenai

Polite

できられません

dekiraremasen

These are non-past passive forms. With intransitive verbs, the passive can describe being affected by someone’s action.

Causative

Making or allowing someone to act.

Affirmative Make / let someone be able to do
Plain

できさせる

dekisaseru

Alternative variant

できさす

dekisasu

Polite

できさせます

dekisasemasu

Alternative variant

できさします

dekisashimasu

Negative Not make / not let someone be able to do
Plain

できさせない

dekisasenai

Alternative variant

できささない

dekisasanai

Polite

できさせません

dekisasemasen

Alternative variant

できさしません

dekisashimasen

Causative-passive

Being made to do something.

Affirmative Be made to be able to do
Plain

できさせられる

dekisaserareru

Polite

できさせられます

dekisaseraremasu

Negative Not be made to be able to do
Plain

できさせられない

dekisaserarenai

Polite

できさせられません

dekisaseraremasen

Volitional

An invitation or intention.

Affirmative Let’s be able to do / intend to be able to do
Plain

できよう

dekiyou

Polite

できましょう

dekimashou

Negative Intend not to be able to do
Plain

できまい

dekimai

Polite

できますまい

dekimasumai

Negative まい can also express “probably will not”, depending on context. It is formal or literary.

Imperative

A command or instruction.

Affirmative Be able to do!
Plain

できろ

dekiro

Polite

できなさい

dekinasai

Negative Do not be able to do!
Plain

できるな

dekiruna

Polite

できなさるな

dekinasaruna

The forms in the polite column are still commands. Negative なさるな is uncommon.

If / when · たら

A condition with たら.

Affirmative If / when you are able to do
Plain

できたら

dekitara

Polite

できましたら

dekimashitara

Negative If / when you are not able to do
Plain

できなかったら

dekinakattara

Polite

できませんでしたら

dekimasendeshitara

Listing actions · たり

One action among others.

Affirmative Being able to do, among other things
Plain

できたり

dekitari

Polite

できましたり

dekimashitari

Negative Not being able to do, among other things
Plain

できなかったり

dekinakattari

Polite

できませんでしたり

dekimasendeshitari

たり lists representative actions. In everyday polite speech, politeness usually comes at the end of the sentence.

Verb stem

A base for building other expressions.

Verb stem Be able to do… · stem for other forms
Plain

でき

deki

Polite

No form

A stem is used to build other expressions; it is not a complete verb on its own.

English meanings are reading guides. The subject and context can change the translation.

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